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发表于 2007-3-6 18:22:40
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为了不让点击改页的朋友失望，转发一篇文章吧：
The New Automotive EMC Directive: Tough Requirements on the Road Ahead
Terry Beadman
The new Automotive EMC Directive (2004/104/EC) came into force on December 3, 2004, and approvals could be granted to it from that date. From January 1, 2006, a member state cannot refuse to grant type-approval or prohibit entry into service if the vehicle or its electronic subassemblies (ESA) comply with the directive.
The changes might appear initially to correspond to the minor changes in test methods in the international standards that were used as the basis of the previous directive, 95/54/EC. However, the new directive has a number of significant changes in requirements for both vehicle and ESA manufacturers.
Implications for Vehicle Manufacturers
For radio-frequency (RF) transmitters intended to normally be used in the vehicle, the vehicle manufacturer shall list in a table: frequency bands, maximum power, and antenna position at the vehicle, together with specific conditions for installation and use. The vehicle manufacturer may claim that normal installations are only mobile phones except for special-purpose vehicles. Conversely, the radio industry may consider that the word normal refers to any radio system that has been designed for normal use in a vehicle. Clarification of the interpretation is needed.
Each of the vehicle's electrical and electronic systems must be fully specified by make and type. This also includes the need for schematics or drawings of the general arrangement of electrical or electronic components and must include the general wiring-harness arrangement.
ACTA Revises Database Guidelines
The Administrative Council for Terminal Attachments (ACTA) has implemented new guidelines and procedures for submitting information to its database. The "Guidelines and Procedures for Submittal of Information for Inclusion in the ACTA Database of Approved Telephone Terminal Equipment (TTE), Revision 2.7" was released in May 2005.
The revised guidelines include the fees for using the ACTA online filing system and for submission to the ACTA secretariat.
The revision replaces all old versions of the guidelines. TTE suitable for connection to the public switched telephone network must comply with all applicable rules and regulations of FCC Part 68. The equipment must also comply with the technical criteria adopted by ACTA.
Parties responsible for TTE must present all information required by ACTA to be included in the database. Information must be submitted to ACTA's administrator for all approved Part 68 products.
The revised guidelines can be viewed at driver's direct control.
• Functions related to vehicle data-bus functionality. Although it may be necessary in some cases to monitor the vehicle's data busses during testing, this point may be considered as more relevant for aftermarket suppliers that wish to obtain vehicle data by connecting to a data bus.
• Functions that when disturbed affect vehicle statutory data. The new directive, 2004/104/EC, identifies the odometer as an example.
Implications for an ESA Manufacturer
The new directive treats aftermarket ESAs very differently than 95/54/EC did. Before 2004/104/EC, ESAs only needed to be CE marked under 89/336/EEC or under 1999/5/EC if they were not immunity related. For immunity-related ESAs, an e mark was required.
Under 2004/104/EC, however, an automotive technical service must decide whether the ESA is immunity related and thus whether the ESA must be e marked. This requirement will be removed in 2008 unless there is evidence to justify (for road safety reasons) its continuation. The decision will be based on the records of technical service decisions. There are more immunity-related functions identified in 2004/104/EC than were given as direct-control functions in 95/54/EC. Because of this change, many more aftermarket ESAs are now subject to immunity testing.
All ESAs must be tested both for immunity to supply transients and for transient emissions. This requirement forces testing onto ESAs that under 95/54/EC were subject only to an RF emissions test or assessment to show that they did not emit significant RF emissions.
Automotive Directives
Commission Directive 2004/104/EC of October 14, 2004, adapting to technical progress Council Directive 72/245/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the suppression of radio interference produced by spark-ignition engines fitted to motor vehicles and amending Directive 70/156/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers.
Commission Directive 95/54/EC of October 31, 1995, adapting to technical progress Council Directive 72/245/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the suppression of radio interference produced by spark-ignition engines fitted to motor vehicles and amending Directive 70/156/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers.
Directive EMC 89/336/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility.
Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of March 9, 1999, on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity.
Directive 2004/108/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of December 15, 2004, on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility and repealing Directive 89/336/EEC.
When an aftermarket ESA is deemed not to be immunity related, the supplier is only required to apply a CE mark in accordance with the procedures for 89/336/EEC or 1999/5/EC. The test house does not need to be accredited to ISO 17025 or to be approved by the approval authority. In addition, the ESA production is not subject to the type-approval Conformity of Production requirements. However, the EMC tests required are those specified by 2004/104/EC as well as all those required to ensure that all EMC phenomena are tested.
Currently, 89/336/EEC does not have a suitable harmonized EMC standard. Therefore, this requires an EMC competent body to determine suitable tests and to assess the technical construction file for the ESA. This requirement will change either when CENELEC writes a suitable EMC standard or when 2004/108/EC comes into force on July 20, 2007.
Similarly, 1999/5/EC requires the services of a radio notified body until the European Telecommunication Standards Institute completes the writing of a suitable radio harmonized EMC standard. The advantage is that the delays associated with the processing of a formal type-approval application should not exist, assuming the technical service decision is issued in the specified |
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发表于 2007-3-5 09:59:12
