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DC-DC转换器的电磁兼容技术应用

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发表于 2007-10-8 16:03:42 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

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  <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">引言</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">DC-DC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">转换器是通信系统的动力之源,已在通信领域中达到广泛应用。由于具有高频率、宽频带和大功率密度,它自身就是一个强大的电磁干扰(<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>)源,严重时会导致周围的电子设备功能紊乱,使通信系统传输数据错误、出现异常的停机和报警等,造成不可弥补的后果;同时,<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器本身也置身于周围电磁环境中,对周围的电磁干扰也很敏感(<span lang="EN-US">EMS</span>),如果没有很好的抗电磁干扰能力,它也就不可能正常工作。因此,营造一种良好的电磁兼容(<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>)环境,是确保电子设备正常工作的前提,且也成为电子产品设计者的重要考虑因素。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">DC-DC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">转换器<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>特点</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">DC-DC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">转换器具有体积小、功率密度大、工作频率高等特点,这些特点直接导致电源内部电磁环境复杂,同时也带来了一系列高频<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>的问题,产生的干扰对电源本身和周围电子环境带来很大的影响。为满足日趋严格的国际电磁兼容法规,<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>设计已经成为电源设计中的首要问题之一。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">DC-DC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>问题主要有如下几个特点:<span lang="EN-US"> DC-DC</span>转换器作为工作于开关状态的能量转换装置,产生的干扰强度较大;干扰源主要集中在功率开关器件以及与之相连的铝基板和高频变压器;由于<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器与其它电子电路相连紧凑,产生的<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>很容易造成不良影响。<span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">DC-DC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">转换器的共模干扰信号<span lang="EN-US">(CM)</span>和差模干扰信号<span lang="EN-US">(DM)</span>的分布图如图<span lang="EN-US">1</span>所示。这是分析干扰信号特性十分有用的列线图。如果设备在某段频率范围内有传导干扰电平超标,查阅该图可得出是哪一种类型的传导干扰信号占主导地位,从而指导改变<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>滤波器的网络结构及参数等相应措施加以解决。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;<img src="http://www&#46;21ic&#46;com/news/upload/2006_04/060414171328282&#46;jpg" resized="0" /></p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">图<span lang="EN-US">1 DC-DC</span>转换器的共模干扰信号和差模干扰信号分布图</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><a href="http://www&#46;emchome&#46;net/"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">DC-DC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>设计</span></a><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><a href="http://www&#46;emchome&#46;net/">屏蔽和接地</a><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">屏蔽能有效地抑制通过空间传播的电磁干扰。采用屏蔽的目的有两个:一是限制内部的辐射电磁能越过某一区域;二是防止外来的辐射进入某一区域。屏蔽是解决<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>问题的手段之一,目的是切断电磁波的传播途径,主要是做好<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器的机壳密封性屏蔽。接地的要点是电位相同、内部电路不互相干扰、抵御外来干扰。尽量减少导线电感引起的阻抗,增加地环路的阻抗,减少地环路的干扰。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><a href="http://www&#46;emchome&#46;net/">软开关技术</a><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">应用软开关技术,实现零电压开关与零电流开关运行可以大大减小功率器件的<span lang="EN-US">di/dt</span>和<span lang="EN-US">dv/dt</span>。即功率管能在零电压下导通和零电流下关断,若同时快速二极管也采用软关断,则可以大幅度降低<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC </span>转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>水平。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">优化<a href="http://www&#46;emchome&#46;net/">缓冲电路</a><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">在开关管的驱动电路中添加缓冲电路也可以有效减少电路中的<span lang="EN-US">di/dt</span>和<span lang="EN-US">dv/dt</span>,从而减少<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>干扰源。缓冲电路延缓功率开关器件的导通、关断过程,从而降低<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC </span>转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>水平。对于相同型号的开关管,在其他条件相同只是驱动缓冲电路不同的情况下由试验来决定。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">例如中转换器<span lang="EN-US">A</span>采用无驱动缓冲电阻的驱动电路;转换器<span lang="EN-US">B</span>则采用了<span lang="EN-US">150</span>Ω驱动缓冲电阻反并联二极管的驱动电路。通常开关管关断的<span lang="EN-US">dv/dt</span>要比开通时小很多,对<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC </span>转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>水平影响较小。反向并联有二极管,这样开通速度可以减慢,而关断速度不受影响,可以最大限度地保证原有的整机效率不受影响。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">实验证明转换器<span lang="EN-US">B</span>中开关管开通速度要比转换器<span lang="EN-US">A</span>慢很多,转换器<span lang="EN-US">B</span>开关管开通时<span lang="EN-US">VDS</span>的<span lang="EN-US"> dv/dt </span>为<span lang="EN-US">2V/nS</span>左右,而转换器<span lang="EN-US">A</span>开关管开通时<span lang="EN-US">VDS</span>的<span lang="EN-US">dv/dt</span>为<span lang="EN-US">5V/nS</span>左右,要大很多。可见增加适当的驱动电阻并优化驱动电路,可以显著的减小电路中的<span lang="EN-US">di/dt</span>和<span lang="EN-US">dv/dt</span>,降低电源<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC </span>转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>水平。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">EMI</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">辐射发射试验进一步验证开关管驱动缓冲电阻大小对整个<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>水平的影响。图<span lang="EN-US">2</span>为转换器<span lang="EN-US">B</span>采用非夹绕变压器时,当驱动电阻取值为<span lang="EN-US">1</span>Ω和<span lang="EN-US">47</span>Ω(反向并联有二极管)时的辐射干扰。可以看出增大驱动电阻后,<span lang="EN-US">30MHz</span>和接近<span lang="EN-US">200MHz</span>的频点各有<span lang="EN-US">3_5dB</span>的明显改善。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">驱动电阻为<span lang="EN-US">1</span>Ω(水平方向)</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">驱动电阻为<span lang="EN-US">47</span>Ω(水平方向)</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;<img src="http://www&#46;21ic&#46;com/news/upload/2006_04/060414171328281&#46;jpg" resized="0" /></p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">图<span lang="EN-US">2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span></span>驱动电阻对辐射发射的影响</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">因此得出结论是,单靠提高开关速度来提高<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器效率是不可取的。于是,如何选择合适的驱动电路参数、不断地优化驱动电路的设计,在提高<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>性能的同时又保证总效率等其他参数指标不受到大的影响,是近年来发展的一个新方向。例如,在驱动电路中保留驱动电阻的同时加入推挽电路以代替二极管,这样就可以方便地分别调节控制开和关的速度,再权衡<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>性能和总效率指标的关系,以达到最理想的效果。如图<span lang="EN-US">3</span>所示。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;<img src="http://www&#46;21ic&#46;com/news/upload/2006_04/060414171328283&#46;jpg" resized="0" /></p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">图<span lang="EN-US">3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span></span>有驱动缓冲电阻、开关速度均可以控制的驱动电路</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">滤波技术</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">DC-DC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">转换器的<a><span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>滤波器</a>是由电感、电容等构成的无源双向多端口网络。实际上它起两个低通滤波器的作用,一个<a>衰减共模干扰</a>,另一个衰减差模干扰。它能在阻带(通常大于<span lang="EN-US">10KHz</span>)范围内衰减射频能量而让工频无衰减或很少衰减地通过。<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>滤波器是<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器设计工程师控制传导电磁干扰和辐射电磁干扰的首选工具。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">滤波器对<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>信号的损耗叫插入损耗。显然,测量滤波器的插入损耗曲<span lang="EN-US">-</span>频率线,可检验它对<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>的滤波效果。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">DC-DC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>滤波电路应该满足以下设计原则:<span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">·双向滤波。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">DC-DC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>滤波器实质上是一种双向低通滤波器,既要抑制<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器产生的从转换器传入电源(或电网)的<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>信号,防止它污染电磁环境、危害其他设备。又要抑制或消除电源(或电网)存在的从电源(或电网)传入转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>信号,保护<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器正常工作;</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">·<a>阻抗失配</a>。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">源内阻是高阻<span lang="EN-US">(</span>低阻<span lang="EN-US">)</span>的,则滤波器输入阻抗就应该是低阻<span lang="EN-US">(</span>高阻<span lang="EN-US">)</span>的;负载是高阻<span lang="EN-US">(</span>低阻<span lang="EN-US">)</span>的,则滤波器输出阻抗就应该是低阻<span lang="EN-US">(</span>高阻<span lang="EN-US">)</span>的;这里的阻抗失配是相对要抑制的干扰频率而言,对正常工作的信号频率应该阻抗匹配。<span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">·<span lang="EN-US">CM</span>和<span lang="EN-US">DM</span>同时抑制。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">由于<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器的工作频率基本都在几百<span lang="EN-US">KHz</span>,根据以往各型号产品的<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>检测试验经验,一般情况下<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>超标频段都会覆盖<span lang="EN-US">0&#46;1_1MHz</span>频段的一部分或全部范围。根据图<span lang="EN-US">1</span>所示的分布原理,我们通常要采取有重点地对<span lang="EN-US">CM</span>和<span lang="EN-US">DM</span>同时抑制的原则。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><a>印制电路板的<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>设计</a></span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">由于<span lang="EN-US">CB</span>更改与相应的传导、辐射骚扰的测试较为复杂,且在时间和成本上也存在困难,因此进行专门的<span lang="EN-US">CB</span>对<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>影响的试验较为困难,这里只能根据一般原理以及多年从事电源设计所积累的经验给出<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器<span lang="EN-US">CB</span>设计时需要注意的地方(主要针对降低<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器对外的<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>)。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">·设计<span lang="EN-US">PCB</span>时首先考虑好布局,特别是变压器和输出滤波电感的合理放置。强脉冲信号线(<span lang="EN-US">dv/dt</span>大)的走线要尽量短,它们是典型的发射天线;导线不要突然拐角。<span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">·合理放置原边开关管、输入滤波电容、滤波电感,使得滤波电容、变压器原边绕组、开关管构成的回路面积尽量减小,<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器中专门有完整地层,其余信号线、功率线均在其它层上走线,使环路面积最小;合理摆放副边整流滤波电路。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">·开关管和整流管上如有较强高频尖刺,应当就近布置吸收电路。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">·注意控制电路和功率电路的单点接地,同时在靠近脉冲电路负载的部位如<span lang="EN-US">PWM</span>芯片<span lang="EN-US">VCC</span>引脚添加去耦电容。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">·所有的功率器件,当与散热器绝缘连接时,其管芯均与散热器间存在分布电容,适当的分离不同级间的散热器连接方式,可以有效的减小两级电路间的容性耦合,减小电磁干扰,多层板式结构优于铝基板式结构就是这个原因。<span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">实践证明,上述印制电路板<a href="http://www&#46;emcgarden&#46;net/"><span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>设计</a>,对开关<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>性能有较大的影响。在印制板设计阶段,工程技术人员由于缺乏有效的手段,往往只能采用试探方法,一旦开关<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器不能通过有关<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>标准,就需要重新设计印制板。往往为此付出沉重的代价。<span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">结语</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3">&nbsp;</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">本文对<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>设计进行了简单的归纳和分析,从五个方面讨论了<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器的<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>设计问题。<span lang="EN-US">DC-DC</span>转换器<span lang="EN-US">EMC</span>设计的关键是要弄清楚转换器中<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>产生的机理,有针对性地进行抑制和消除。</span>
发表于 2012-3-17 12:40:16 | 显示全部楼层
[s:9]
发表于 2012-5-29 13:49:02 | 显示全部楼层
[s:9] 谢谢很有帮助

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