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PCB-power-supply-design1

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发表于 2007-9-27 13:20:59 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

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  <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt"><strong><span class="bold1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">CB</span></span><span class="bold1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">电源供电系统的分析与设计</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><p /></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">当今,在没有透彻掌握芯片、封装结构及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">CB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">的电源供电系统特性时,高速电子系统的设计是很难成功的。事实上,为了满足更低的供电电压、更快的信号翻转速度、更高的集成度和许多越来越具有挑战性的要求,很多走在电子设计前沿的公司在产品设计过程中为了确保电源和信号的完整性,对电源供电系统的分析投入了大量的资金,人力和物力。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">电源供电系统</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(PDS)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">的分析与设计在高速电路设计领域,特别是在计算机、半导体、通信、网络和消费电子产业中正变得越来越重要。随着超大规模集成电路技术不可避免的进一步等比缩小,集成电路的供电电压将会持续降低。随着越来越多的生产厂家从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">130nm</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">技术转向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">90nm</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">技术,可以预见供电电压会降到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">1&#46;2V</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">,甚至更低,而同时电流也会显著地增加。从直流</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">IR</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">压降到交流动态电压波动控制来看,由于允许的噪声范围越来越小,这种发展趋势给电源供电系统的设计带来了巨大的挑战。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>&nbsp; &nbsp; </b><br /><br /><b>CB</b></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">电源供电系统设计概览</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">通常在交流分析中,电源地之间的输入阻抗是用来衡量电源供电系统特性的一个重要的观测量。对这个观测量的确定在直流分析中则演变成为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">IR</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">压降的计算。无论在直流或交流的分析中,影响电源供电系统特性的因素有:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">PCB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">的分层、电源板层平面的形状、元器件的布局、过孔和管脚的分布等等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <p /></span></p><div align="center"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; 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HEIGHT: 163&#46;5pt" o:button="t" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:href="http://www&#46;eetchina&#46;com/ARTICLES/2006MAY/B/0605B_DC1_F1&#46;JPG" src="file:///COCUME~1HEJUNP~1LOCALS~1Tempmsohtml1clip_image001&#46;jpg" /></shape></span></a><p /></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #86b9d6 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 3&#46;35pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-LEFT: #86b9d6 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #86b9d6 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">图</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">1</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">:</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">PCB</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">上一些常见的会增加电流路径阻性的物理结构设计。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><p /></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">电源地之间的输入阻抗概念就可以应用在对上述因素的仿真和分析中。比如,电源地输入阻抗的一个非常广泛的应用是用来评估板上去耦电容的放置问题。随着一定数量的去耦电容被放置在板上,电路板本身特有的谐振可以被抑制掉,从而减少噪声的产生,还可以降低电路板边缘辐射以缓解电磁兼容问题。为了提高电源供电系统的可靠性和降级系统的制造成本,系统设计工程师必须经常考虑如何经济有效地选择去耦电容的系统布局。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">高速电路系统中的电源供电系统通常可以分成芯片、集成电路封装结构和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">PCB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">三个物理子系统。芯片上的电源栅格由交替放置的几层金属层构成,每层金属由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">X</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Y</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">方向的金属细条构成电源或地栅格,过孔则将不同层的金属细条连接起来。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">对于一些高性能的芯片,无论内核或是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">IO</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">的电源供电都集成了很多去耦单元。集成电路封装结构,如同一个缩小了的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">PCB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">,有几层形状复杂的电源或地平板。在封装结构的上表面,通常留有去耦电容的安装位置。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">PCB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">则通常含有连续的面积较大的电源和地平板,以及一些大大小小的分立去耦电容元件,及电源整流模块</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(VRM)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">。邦定线、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">C4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">凸点、焊球则把芯片、封装和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">PCB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">连接在了一起。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">整个电源供电系统要保证给各个集成电路器件提供在正常范围内稳定的电压。然而,开关电流和那些电源供电系统中寄生的高频效应总是会引入电压噪声。其电压变化可以由下式计算得到:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><br /><shape id="_x0000_i1026" style="WIDTH: 112&#46;5pt; HEIGHT: 26&#46;25pt" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:href="http://www&#46;eetchina&#46;com/ARTICLES/2006MAY/B/0605B_DC1_EQ1&#46;JPG" src="file:///COCUME~1HEJUNP~1LOCALS~1Tempmsohtml1clip_image002&#46;jpg" /></shape><br /></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">这里</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">ΔV</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">是在器件处观测到的电压波动,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">ΔI</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">是开关电流。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Z</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">是在器件处观测到的整个电源供电系统电源与地之间的输入阻抗。为了减小电压波动,电源与地之间要保持低阻。在直流情况下,由于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Z</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">变成了纯电阻,低阻就对应了低的电源供电</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">IR</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">压降。在交流情况下,低阻能使开关电流产生的瞬态噪声也变小。当然,这就需要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Z</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">在很宽的频带上都要保持很小。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <p /></span></p><div align="center"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 135pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-border-top-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="180" border="1"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #86b9d6 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-TOP: #86b9d6 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3&#46;35pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-LEFT: #86b9d6 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #86b9d6 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><shape id="_x0000_i1027" style="WIDTH: 375pt; HEIGHT: 280&#46;5pt" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:href="http://www&#46;eetchina&#46;com/ARTICLES/2006MAY/B/0605B_DC1_F2&#46;JPG" src="file:///COCUME~1HEJUNP~1LOCALS~1Tempmsohtml1clip_image003&#46;jpg" /></shape><p /></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #86b9d6 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 3&#46;35pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-LEFT: #86b9d6 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #86b9d6 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">图</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">2</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">:</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Sigrity PowerDC</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">计算得到电源板层上的电流分布。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><p /></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">注意到电源和地通常用来作为信号回路和参考平面,因此电源供电系统与信号分布系统之间有着很紧密的关系。然而,由于篇幅的限制,同步开关噪声</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(IO SSO)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">引入的电源供电系统的噪声现象和电流回路控制问题将不在这里讨论。以下几节将忽略信号系统,而单纯注重电源供电系统的分析。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /><br /></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">直流</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">IR</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">压降</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><br />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">由于芯片的电源栅格</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(Power Grid)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">的特征尺寸很小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">几微米甚至更小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">,芯片内的电阻损耗严重,因此芯片内的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">IR</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">压降已经被广泛地研究。而在下面几种情况下,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">PCB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">上的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">IR</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">压降</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">在几十到几百毫伏的范围内</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">对高速系统设计同样会有较大的影响。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">电源板层上有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Swiss-Chess</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">结构、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Neck-Down</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">结构和动态布线造成的板平面被分割等情况</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">图</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">1)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">;电源板层上电流通过的器件管脚、过孔、焊球、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">C4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">凸点的数量不够,电源平板厚度不足,电流通路不均衡等;系统设计需要低电压、大电流,又有较紧的电压浮动的范围。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <p /></span></p><div align="center"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 135pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-border-top-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="180" border="1"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #86b9d6 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-TOP: #86b9d6 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 3&#46;35pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-LEFT: #86b9d6 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #86b9d6 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><shape id="_x0000_i1028" style="WIDTH: 405&#46;75pt; HEIGHT: 258&#46;75pt" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:href="http://www&#46;eetchina&#46;com/ARTICLES/2006MAY/B/0605B_DC1_F3&#46;JPG" src="file:///C:DOCUME~1HEJUNP~1LOCALS~1Tempmsohtml1clip_image004&#46;jpg" /></shape><p /></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #86b9d6 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 3&#46;35pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-LEFT: #86b9d6 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 3&#46;35pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #86b9d6 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #86B9D6 &#46;75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">图</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">3</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">:包括和不包括电源整流模块的平板对输入阻抗。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><p /></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">例如,一个高密度和高管脚数的器件由于有大量的过孔和反焊盘,在芯片封装结构及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">PCB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">的电源分配层上往往会形成所谓的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Swiss-Chess</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">结构效应。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Swiss-Chess</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">结构会产生很多高阻性的微小金属区域。根据</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><br /><shape id="_x0000_i1029" style="WIDTH: 112&#46;5pt; HEIGHT: 23&#46;25pt" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:href="http://www&#46;eetchina&#46;com/ARTICLES/2006MAY/B/0605B_DC1_EQ2&#46;JPG" src="file:///C:DOCUME~1HEJUNP~1LOCALS~1Tempmsohtml1clip_image005&#46;jpg" /></shape></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><br /></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">由于电源供电系统中有这样的高阻电流通路,送到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">PCB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">上元器件的电压或电流有可能会低于设计要求。因此一个好的直流</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">IR</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">压降仿真模拟是估计电源供电系统允许压降范围的关键。通过各种各样可能性的分析为布局布线前后提供设计方案或规则。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">布线工程师、系统工程师、信号完整性工程师和电源设计工程师还可以将</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">IR</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">压降分析结合在约束管理器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(constraint manager)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">中,作为对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">PCB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">上每一个电源和地网表进行设计规则核查的最终检验工具</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(DRC)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">。这种通过自动化软件分析的设计流程可以避免靠目测,甚至经验所不能发现的复杂电源供电系统结构上的布局布线问题。图</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">展示了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">IR</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">压降分析可以准确地指出一高性能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">PCB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">上电源供电系统中关键电压电流的分布。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <br /><br /></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">交流电源地阻抗分析</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">很多人知道一对金属板构成一个平板电容器,于是认为电源板层的特性就是提供平板电容以确保供电电压的稳定。在频率较低,信号波长远远大于平板尺寸时,电源板层与地板的确构成了一个电容。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">然而,当频率升高时,电源板层的特性开始变得复杂了。更确切地说,一对平板构成了一个平板传输线系统。电源与地之间的噪声,或与之对应的电磁场遵循传输线原理在板之间传播。当噪声信号传播到平板的边缘时,一部分高频能量会辐射出去,但更大一部分能量会反射回去。来自平板不同边界的多重反射构成了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">PCB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">中的谐振现象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <p /></span></p>
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